MONEY HAS DIFFERENT NAMES!

MONEY HAS DIFFERENT NAMES!

In temple or church, it's called donation.

In school, it's fee.

In marriage, it's called dowry.

In divorce, alimony.

When you owe someone, it's debt.

When you pay the government, it's tax.

In court, it's fines.

Civil servant retirees, it's pension.

Employer to workers, it's salary.

Master to subordinates, it's wages.

To children, it's allowance.

When you borrow from bank, it's loan.

When you offer after a good service, it's tips.

To kidnappers, it's ransom.

Illegally received in the name of service, it's bribe.

The question is, "when a husband gives to his wife, what do we call it???"

ANSWER:

Money given to your wife is called DUTY, and every man has to do his duty because,

wives are not DUTY FREE.- OMG !!!

Warli Painting

Warli Painting

India's global art, proudly tribal art

Warli_Cloth_Painting

The Warlis or Varlis are an indigenous tribe or Adivasis, living in mountainous as well as coastal areas of Maharashtra-Gujarat border and surrounding areas. They have their own animistic beliefs, life, customs and traditions, as a result of acculturation they have adopted many Hindu beliefs. The Warlis speak an unwritten Varli language which belong to the southern zone of the Indo-Aryan languages.[1] and the union territories of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu.

India has a rich tradition of folk arts the custodians of which are the many tribes that live in the interiors of various states. 

Warli art is a beautiful folk art of Maharashtra, traditionally created by the tribal womens. Tribals are the Warli, Malkhar koli, Kathodi, Kokana, Dhodi tribes found on the northern outskirts of Mumbai, in Western India. This art was first explored in the early seventies & from then it was named as “Warli art”.  Tribal people express themselves in vivid styles through paintings which they execute on the walls of their house. This was the only means of transmitting folklore to a populace not acquainted with the written word. Warli paintings were mainly done by the women folk. The most important aspect of the painting is that it does not depicts mythological characters or images of deities, but depict social life. Pictures of human beings and animals, along with scenes from daily life are created in a loose rhythmic pattern. Warli paintings are painted white on mud walls. The paintings are beautifully executed and resembles pre-historic cave paintings in execution and usually depict scenes of human figures engaged in activities like hunting, dancing, sowing and harvesting.

The tribals are forest-dwellers but have made a gradual transition towards being a pastoral community. They reside in the West coast of Northern Maharastra. A large concentration is found in the Thane district, off Mumbai. A little backward economically, they still maintain their indigenous customs and traditions. The growing popularity and commercialisation of the Warli painting has seen the uplift of many tribals and they are increasingly becoming integrated with the mainstream. Their marriage traditions are unique to their culture. 

WARLI PAINTINGS – 

THEIR HISTORY AND EXPRESSION ON FABRICS

Warli painting is one of the oldest art form in Maharashtra and Gujrat. It uses very basic geographic shapes to weave stories about the idyllic existence of tribal people of Maharashtra and Gujrat.  The technique used to create this art is also as simple as the art itself. A bamboo stick is used as paint brush, a painted red-ochre background acts as a canvass. Only white color, consisting of rice paste with gum is used for painting.

TRIBAL ART [Warli Painting]

Maharashtra is known for its Warli folk paintings. Warli is the name of the largest tribe found on the northern outskirts of Mumbai, in Western India. Despite being in such close proximity of the largest metropolis in India, Warli tribesmen shun all influences of modern urbanization. Warli Art was first discovered in the early seventies. While there are no records of the exact origins of this art, its roots may be traced to as early as the 10th century A.D. Warli is the vivid expression of daily and social events of the Warli tribe of Maharashtra, used by them to embellish the walls of village houses. This was the only means of transmitting folklore to a populace not acquainted with the written word. This art form is simple in comparison to the vibrant paintings of Madhubani.

Women are mainly engaged in the creation of these paintings. These paintings do not depict mythological characters or images of deities, but depict social life. Images of human beings and animals, along with scenes from daily life are created in a loose rhythmic pattern. These tribal paintings of Maharashtra are traditionally done in the homes of the Warlis. Painted white on mud walls, they are pretty close to pre-historic cave paintings in execution and usually depict scenes of human figures engaged in activities like hunting, dancing, sowing and harvesting.


Stylistically, they can be recognized by the fact that they are painted on an austere mud base using one color, white, with occasional dots in red and yellow. This colour is obtained from grounding rice into white powder. This sobriety is offset by the ebullience of their content. These themes are highly repetitive and symbolic. Many of the Warli paintings that represent Palghat, the marriage god, often include a horse used by the bride and groom. The painting is sacred and without it, the marriage cannot take place. These paintings also serve social and religious aspirations of the local people. It is believed that these paintings invoke powers of the Gods.


In Warli paintings it is rare to see a straight line. A series of dots and dashes make one line. The artists have recently started to draw straight lines in their paintings. These days, even men have taken to painting and they are often done on paper incorporating traditional decorative Warli motifs with modern elements such as the bicycle, etc. Warli paintings on paper have become very popular and are now sold all over India. Today, small paintings are done on cloth and paper but they look best on the walls or in the form of huge murals that bring out the vast and magical world of the Warlis. For the Warlis, tradition is still adhered to but at the same time new ideas have been allowed to seep in which helps them face new challenges from the market

The Art of Warli Painting

The Art of Warli Painting:
The Step-by-step Guide and Introduction...
5 August 2014 
by Santosh Mali and Rajesh Dhangada Paperback

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Unique Art of Warli Paintings 1

Unique Art of Warli Paintings1 
December 2010

by Sudha Satyawadi

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Mythos and Logos of the Warlis

Mythos and Logos of the Warlis: 
A Tribal World View
December 1998

by Ajay Dandekar

Hardcover

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Warli Paintings 2003

Warli Paintings 2003

by K Prakash

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Table Mate 2

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DELIVERY IN ALL MAJOR CITIES AND TOWN IN INDIA...

Alphabet of Happiness...

Alphabet of Happiness...

A--Accept 

Accept others for who they are and for the 

choices they've made even if you have difficulty 

understanding their beliefs, motives, or actions.

B--Break Away 

Break away from everything that stands in the
 way of what you hope to accomplish with your life.

C--Create 

Create a family of friends whom you can share 
your hopes, dreams, sorrows, and happiness with.

  

D--Decide 

Decide that you'll be successful and happy come what may, and good things will find you. The roadblocks are only minor obstacles along the way.

  

E--Explore 

Explore and experiment. The world has much to offer, 

and you have much to give. And every time you try something 

new, you'll learn more about yourself.

F--Forgive 

Forgive and forget. Grudges only weigh you down and inspire unhappiness and grief. Soar above it, 
and remember that everyone makes mistakes.

G--Grow 

Grow up leave the childhood monsters behind. 
They can no longer hurt you or stand in your way.

H--Hope 

Hope for the best and never forget that anything 
is possible as long as you remain dedicated to the task.

I--Ignore 

Ignore the negative voice inside your head. 
Focus instead on your goals and remember 
your accomplishments. Your past success is 
only a small inkling of what the future holds.

J--Journey 

Journey to new worlds, new possibilities, by 
remaining open-minded. Try to learn something 
new every day, and you'll grow.

K--Know 

Know that no matter how bad things seem, they'll 
always get better. The warmth of spring always follows the harshest winter.

L--Love 

Let love fill your heart instead of hate. When hate 
 is in your heart, there's room for nothing else, but 
when love is in your heart, there's room for endless 
happiness.

M--Manage 

Manage your time and your expenses wisely, and you'll 
suffer less stress and worry. Then you'll be able to focus
 on the important things in life.

N--Never 

Never ignore the poor, infirm, helpless, weak, or suffering. 
Offer your assistance when possible, and always your
 kindness and understanding.

O--Open 

Open your eyes and take in all the beauty around you. 
Even during the worst of times, there's still much to 
be thankful for.

P--Play 

Play,never forget to have fun along the way. 
Success means nothing without happiness.

Q--Question 

Ask many questions, because you're here to learn.

R--Refuse

Refuse to let worry and stress rule your life, and 
remember that things always have a way of 
working out in the end.

S--Share 

Share your talent, skills, knowledge, and time with 
others. Everything that you invest in others will r
eturn to you many times over.

T--Try 

Try anyway,even when your dreams seem 
impossible to reach.You'll be amazed by 
what you can accomplish.

U--Use 

Use your gifts to your best ability. Talent 
that's wasted has no value. 
Talent that's used will bring unexpected rewards.

V--Value 

Value family members and the friends who've 
supported and encouraged you, and be there
 for them as well.

W--Work 

Work hard every day to be the best person you can
 be, but never feel guilty if you fall short of your goals. 
Every sunrise offers a second chance.

X--X-Ray 

Look deep inside like X-Ray in the hearts of those 
around you and you'll see the goodness and beauty within.

Y--Yield 

Yield to commitment. If you stay on track 
and remain dedicated, you'll find success 
at the end of the road.

Z--Zoom 

Zoom to a happy place when bad memories or 
sorrow rears its ugly head. Let nothing interfere with
 your goals. Instead, focus on your abilities, your dreams,
 and a brighter tomorrow.

<><><><><><><><><><><><><>><><><><><><>

English Idioms

English Idioms

Pre-Questions

* What is the relation between collocation and idiom?
* Where do English idioms come from?
* What is the difference between phrasal verbs and   verb phrases?
* What are the most important features of idioms? Why?
* Should structural stability be excluded? Why or why not? 

* Definition

Concise Oxford Dictionary defines an idiom as a form of expression peculiar to language, person, or group of people, esp. one whose sense is not predictable from the meanings and arrangement of its elements.
John Sinclare (1991) holds an idiom is a group of two or more which are chosen together to produce a specific meaning or effect in speech or writing.

Idioms are said to be the sinew of the language by P. Cowie and R. Mackin.
Mr. Lu’s definition (refer to 2001:355)
Idioms are holophrastic(conventionalized multiword expressions), usu. fixed in form, often but not always non-literal, peculiar to a given culture

* Features

Idioms involve collocation of a special kind—restricted/frozen.
Soviet linguist V.V. Vinogradov called idioms phraseologisms
Idioms are distinguished bysemantic unity; 
semantic opacity(for most idioms);
structural stability (for most idioms);
lasting idiomaticity;

* Sources

everyday life: to make both ends meet, etc.
agricultural life: to go to seed, to lead sb. up the garden path, etc.
nautical and military life: to be in the same boat with, to be in deep waters, etc.
business life:  to turn an honest penny, etc.
campus life: to turn over a new leaf, etc.
the Bible: the apple of one’s eye, etc.
Shakespeare’s plays: to wear one’s heart on one’s sleeves,  give the Devil his due, etc.
fables, myths or legends: the lion’s share, etc
peculiarity.

* Classification

English idioms can be classified according to 9 classification systems: (see to Wang Rong pei)

1. semantic transparency;
2. syntactic functional;
3. typological;
4. thematic;
5. communicative;
6. structural;
7. head-word quantitative;
8. register;
9. etymological. 

In terms of typological classification system, idioms can be classified into:

• Phrasal Verbs;
• Proverbs;
• Metaphorical Idioms;
• Similized Idioms;
• Binomials and Trinomials. 

. Phrasal Verbs

1. Definition: Phrasal verbs are called multi-word verbs, mostly made up of verbs and particles (including adverbs and prepositions), having a unitary meaning.

According to Collins COBUILD Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs, the most frequently-used verbs to form phrasal verbs are the following 38 verbs: 

break, bring, call, cast, come, cut, do, fall, get, give, go, hang, hold, keep, kick, knock, lay, lie, live, look, make, move, pass, play, pull, push, put, run, send, set, sit, stand, stay, stick, take, talk, throw, turn. And the particles of the highest frequency are up, out, off, in, on.


2. Structures
Oxford Dictionary of Current Idiomatic English classifies phrasal verbs into 6 types in terms of syntactic structure:
(1) vi. + adv.      come off, carry on
(2) vi.+ prep.      run through, look into
(3) vi.+ adv.+prep.    get along with, stand up to
(4) vt.+ adv.               get across, take in
(5) vt.+ prep.       put…through…, set…before…
(6) vt.+adv.+prep.      fill…in on…, let…in for

3. Notes
A. Phrasal Verbs have special forms, which can be also called idiomatic verbs.
(1) v.+n.  e.g. make peace, run risks
(2) v.+adj.  e.g. come true, make sure
(3) v.+v.  e.g. let slip, let pass, make believe
(4) v.+v.+prep.  e.g. make do with

4. Structures
A verb phrase consists of a verb ( sometimes with its auxiliaries), its direct/indirect objects, and any adverb which happens to modify the verb.
Phrasal verbs usually are non-literal, e.g. walk out means go on strike; verb phrases are literal, e.g. walk the dog. 

. Proverb

1. Definition:
Proverbs reflect a nation’s intelligence, wisdom and spirit. — Bacon
Proverb is the salt of language. —Arabian saying
Proverbs are children of experience. —English saying
Proverb is the crystal of people’s wisdom. —Chinese saying
Proverbs embody generally-accepted truths in a few simple but witty words.


2. Features

A. Thoughtfulness and Philosophy

     Time tries all things.

     The leopard cannot change its spots.

     Behind the mountains there are people to be found.

     A small leak will sink a great ship.

     The proof of the pudding is in the eating.

B. Rich Life Experience
    Soft fire makes sweet malt.
    A penny saved is a penny gained.
    Feed a cold and starve a fever.
    Marry in haste and repent at leisure.

C. Vividness
      It’s no use crying over spilt milk.
      Fish begins to stink at the head.

D. Contrastiveness/Pro and Con
     Too many cooks spoil the broth. 
     Two heads are better than one.
    A good beginning makes a good ending. 
    It’s not over till it’s over.

E. Brevity
    Jack of all trades, master of none.
    Nothing venture, nothing gain.
    Like father, like son.
    Like cures like.

F. Figurative Language Use
   (1) metaphor
        Spare time is the gold dust of life.
   (2) personification
        Time and tide wait for no man.
        Misery loves company.
        Pride goes before a fall.
  (3) Antithesis
        Out of sight, out of mind.
        Absence sharpens love, presence strengthens love.
  (4) oxymoron
        A friend to everybody is a friend to nobody. 
 (5) Rhyme and rhythm
       No pains, no gains.
      A friend in need is a friend indeed.
      A miss is as good as a mile.

Metaphorical and Similized Idioms

A. Metaphorical idioms are idioms with a metaphor, e.g.
    the ace of trumps                 an apple of discord
    the apple of one’s eye        a bed of roses
    a fish out of water                a snake in the grass
    a wild goose chase             a wet blanket
    an iron hand                         a dog in the manger 


B. Similized Idioms can best illustrate cultural differences and display peculiarity.

     as silly as an ass
    as obstinate as a mule
    as strong as a horse
    as merry as a cricket
    as timid as a hare
    as brave as a lion
    as blind as a bat

    as poor as a church mouse
    as fit as a fiddle
    as cool as a cucumber
    as like as two peas
    as wise as Solomon
    as rich as a Jew
    as old as Adam

    sleep like a log
    drink like a fish
    eat like a horse
    smoke like a chimney
    spring up like mushrooms
    wet like a drowned rat
    spread like wildfire
    follow like a sheep

    fight like cats and dogs
    sell like hotcakes
    a memory like a sieve
    grow like a weed 
    cry like a baby
    live like a king
    spend money like water
    packed like sardines

. Binomials and Trinomials

A. Binomials :

1. Definition: 
Expressions combined by “and” or “or” to denote a single meaning are called irreversible binomials/twin-word idioms, coined by American linguist Yakov Malkiel in 1959.
British scholar H. W. Fowler called binomials siamese twins.  

2. Surface Structure

(1) n.+n.  

vice and crime 

use and wont 

sum and substance 

hammer and tongs 

(2) v.+v. 
crash and burn 
toss and turn 
pick and choose 
wine and dine 
scrape and screw 
push and shove
pick and steal 
forgive and forget 
divide and rule 

(3) adj.+adj.
null and void 
vague and wooly 
black and blue 
clean and neat 
free and easy 
fair and square 
safe and sound 

(4) adv.+adv.
really and truly 
far and away 
far and wide 
once and away 
by and large 
there and then 
through and through 

(5) prep.+prep.

save and except
over and above
betwixt and between

(6) conj.+conj.
as and when
if and when

3. Features

The two elements of binomials are of the same part of speech.
The part of speech of a binomial is similar to that of its components.
A  number of binomials are rhymed or alliterated.

4. Rhymed and Alliterated Binomials

(1) Rhymed:

art and part 
bear and forbear 
hustle and bustle 
toil and moil 
wear and tear 
near and dear 
flotsam and jetsam 

(2) Alliterated

back and belly 
bag and baggage 
rant and rave 
chop and change 
spick and span 
cut and carve 
wail and weep 
dribs and drabs 
kith and kin 

5. Relations between Components

(1) Repetition of Form:

by and by
again and again
neck and neck
out and out
round and round
lots and lots
word for word

(2) Repetition of Sense  (Coordination/Reiteration)

far and wide 
fuss and bother 
part and parcel 
leaps and bounds 
rough and tough 
whims and fancies 
odds and ends

(3) Conjunction

bed and board 
slow and steady 
bread and butter 
high and mighty 
hum and haw 

(4) Contrast/Juxtaposition

to and fro
pro and con
up and down
wax and wane
weal and woe
rain and shine
hit or miss
sink or swim

(5) Modification

cups and gold = golden cups
death and honor = honorable death
deceit and thought = deceitful thoughts
lime and water = lime water
might and main = main strength
grace and favor = gracious favor

B. Trinomials

Tom, Dick, and Harry/Brown, Jones and Robinson
Holy Father, Holy Son, and Holy Spirit
Of the people, by the people, and for the people
Ready! Set! Go!
Ready! Aim! Fire!
Going! Going! Gone!
lock, stock and barrel
hook, line and sinker
cool, calm and collected
hop, skip and jump
good, bad and indifferent
this, that and the other
wine, woman and song
right, left, and center

. Flexible Use of Idioms—Parody

Parody  is a rhetorical device which is an imitation of the extant idioms with certain substitution of the original for deliberate exaggeration and comic effect, e.g.

a horse of another color ?
a horse of the same color (Shakespeare)
wet behind the ears ? 
dry behind the ears
If a thing is worth doing, it is worth doing well. ?
If a thing is worth doing, it is worth doing badly. (G.K. Chesterton)
A stitch in time saves nine. ?
A word in time saves nine.
A friend in need is a friend indeed. ?
A friend in need is a friend to be avoided.
Walls have ears. ? 
People have ears. 

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